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A |
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Appleply |
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A trade name of States Industries
for a proprietary plywood panel product composed of a core
of 1/16" Western Red Alder veneers most commonly available
with face veneers of Maple or Birch. However, any face or
back veneer is available, too. Noted for the attractive
decorative appearance of the edge of a panel. |
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Armorcore |
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See Composite Core. |
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B |
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Backer |
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A non-decorative laminate used on
the back of composite panel constructions to protect the
substrate from changes in humidity and to balance the panel
construction. |
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Backs |
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The reverse side to the face of a
plywood panel. Generally the poorer side of any grade plywood
panel which has a face and a back. |
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Balanced
Construction |
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A panel construction that will not
warp when subjected to uniformly distributed moisture changes. |
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Balanced
Match |
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Two or more veneer components or
leaves of equal size to make up a single face. |
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Birdseye |
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Due to local sharp depressions in
the annual rings, accompanied by considerable fiber distortions.
One the depressions are formed succeeding growth rings follow
the same contour for many years. Rotary veneer cuts the
depressions crosswise, and shows a series of circlets called
birdseyes. It occurs in only a small percentage of maple
trees. |
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Book
Match |
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Adjacent pieces of veneer from a
flitch or log are opened like a book and spliced to make
up the face with matching occurring at the spliced joints.
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Bow |
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The deviation from absolute flatness
along the length of the panel. |
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Burl |
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A swirl or twist in the grain of
wood, usually occurring near a knot but which does not itself
contain a knot. |
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C |
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Cathedral |
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A grain appearance characterized
by a series of stacked or inverted "V" or cathedral
type of springwood (earlywood) summerwood (latewood) patterns
common in plain sliced (flat cut) veneer. |
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Centermatch |
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An even number of veneer components
or leaves of equal size matched with a joint in the center
of the panel to achieve horizontal symmetry. |
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Chatter |
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A wavy condition across the width
of a panel caused by sanding. These marking are parallel
to one another between 3 and 2 inch apart and perpendicular
to the sander grit markings. Sometimes they can be felt
but always can be seen. |
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Checks |
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Small slits running parallel to the
grain of wood caused by strains produced in seasoning. |
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Classic
Core |
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See Composite Core. |
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Clear
face cutting |
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A cutting having one clear face (ordinary
season checks are admitted) and the reverse side sound as
defined in Sound Cutting. The clear face of the cutting
shall be on the poor side of the board, except when otherwise
specified.
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Comb
Grain |
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A quality of rift cut veneer with
exceptionally straight grain and closely spaced growth increments. |
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Composite
Core |
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Any one of a number of different
core configurations produced from various combinations of
wood veneers and reconstituted or engineered wood fiber
materials such as MDF, particleboard and hardboard. This
type of core configuration generally provides the advantages
of the flatness of the reconstituted wood fiber crossband
with the lightness of traditional veneer core. |
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Core |
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The innermost portion of plywood
usually composed of veneer. Also referred to a "center."
A core may also be made of fiberboard or, particleboard
or lumber. |
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Crossband |
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Inner ply veneer placed at right
angles to the core, face and back of a plywood panel.
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Cup |
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Deviation from a straight line stretched
across the width of a panel or board. |
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Curly |
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Curly figure is found mostly in maple
or birch and is due to the fibers being distorted and producing
a wavy or curly effect in the veneer. |
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D |
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Delamination |
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The separation of the panel's face
layer from the core, or a laminate from a substrate or separation
of the inner plys usually from failure of the adhesive bond. |
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Density |
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The weight of a panel as measured
in pounds per cubic foot. |
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Doze
(also Dote) |
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A form of incipient decay characterized
by a dull or lifeless appearance of the wood and accompanied
by a loss of strength and softening of the wood substance.
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E |
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End
Matched |
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Often called butt matched, the veneers
are matched as described for book matched, but the ends
of the sheets are matched. Quite often, veneers are both
book matched and end matched which is called a four way
match. |
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F |
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Face |
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The best side of a plywood panel
in which the outer veneers are of different grades.
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Fiberboard |
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See MDF - Medium Density Fiberboard. |
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Fiber
Raise |
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Face fibers that are raised above
the surrounding surface causing a rough surface. Usually
caused by excessive absorption of moisture. |
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Fibers |
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The slender threadlike elements
or groups of wood fibers resulting from chemical or mechanical
defiberization, or both, and sometimes referred to as fiber
bundles. |
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Fiddle |
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Back-A fine, strong, even, ripple
figure as frequently seen on the backs of violins. It is
found principally in mahogany and maple, but occurs sometimes
in other woods. |
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Fines |
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Small moist almost dust-like wood
particles found on the surface of the reconstituted wood
panel. The presence of fines helps create a smooth, tight
surface. |
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Finger
Joint |
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A series of fingers machined on
the ends of two pieces of wood to be joined, which mesh
together and are held firmly in position with an adhesive. |
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Flake,
Ray |
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A portion of a ray as it appears
on the quartered surface. Flake can be a dominant appearance
feature in oak and is sometimes referred to as fleck. |
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Flat-Cut |
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See Plain-Sliced. |
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Fleck |
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See Flake.
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Flitch |
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A complete bundle of thin veneer
sheets laid together in sequence as they are cut from a
given log or section of a log. |
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G |
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Gap |
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Open slits in the inner plys or
improperly joined veneers. |
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Gum
Pockets |
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Well defined openings between the
rings of annual growth containing gum or evidence of prior
gum accumulation.
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H |
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Hardboard |
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A high quality panel manufactured
from specially engineered fibers which are compressed under
heat and pressure. The panels, which are produced by a wet
process, can have one smooth side and a screen back (smooth
one side or S1S) or be smooth on both sides (S2S). Pegboard
is commonly manufactured from hardboard. |
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Hardwood
Plywood |
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Composed mostly of inner plys peeled
from fir, poplar, lauan or other species of either soft
or hardwood, only the face and back panels are pure hardwood
veneers of 1/30th to 1/40th or less of an inch thick. |
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Hardwood |
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General term referring to the wood
of many different deciduous trees as opposed to the softwood
of evergreen or coniferous. Does not relate to the density
of wood. |
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Heartwood |
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The center portion of a tree consisting
of mature wood that has stopped growing. Generally distinguishable
from sapwood or the growing outer portion by its dark color. |
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High
Pressure Laminate |
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A sheet material formed from multiple
layers of kraft paper saturated with phenolic resin; a decorative
layer of paper saturated with melamine resin; and a very
thin top sheet of paper heavily saturated with a melamine
resin. Fused together in a hot press under high temperature
and pressure to produce a stiff plastic sheet. |
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Holes,
Worm |
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Resulting from an infestation of
worms. |
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K |
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Knot |
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Circular portion of a board or veneer
that was once the base of a branch or twig growing from
the trunk of a tree. |
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Knot
(Sound) |
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Knots that are solidly fixed by
growth and retain their place in lumber or veneer. |
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Knot
(Pin) |
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Sound knots less than 3" in
diameter. |
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Knot
(Open) |
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Opening produced when a portion
of a knot has dropped out or separated due to seasoning. |
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L |
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Loose
Side |
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In knife-cut veneer, that side of
the sheet that was in contact with the knife as the veneer
was being cut, and containing cutting checks (lathe checks)
because of the bending of the wood at the knife's edge. |
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LPL |
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Low pressure laminate. A preprinted
or solid color decorative paper that has been saturated
with resin. Under heat and pressure, it bonds to a board
surface without need for additional adhesive. |
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M |
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MDF
- Medium Density Fiberboard |
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A material consisting of a wood
fiber - resin combination formed into a homogenous mat of
random fiber orientation, then hot pressed and finished.
It can be machined or sanded to a smooth finish. |
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Melamine |
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A laminate that derives its name
from the melamine resin system used to saturate the paper
laminate and adhere it to the substrate. It is the resin
that gives durability and toughness to high-pressure plastic
laminate and melamine panels. Also a generic term for panels
surfaced with melamine papers. |
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Mill
Run |
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A down graded product due to visual
defects such as oil stains, resin spots or surface discoloration. |
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Mineral
Streak |
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A discoloration of hardwood and
hardwood veneer. |
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N |
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Natural
Veneer |
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Composed of both heartwood and sapwood.
Select or uniform heartwood veneers are usually more expensive
than their sapwood counterparts since the heartwood is the
smallest is the smallest portion of the tree. Natural veneers
are a combination of both heartwood and sapwood and is therefore
generally less expensive than Select or Uniform veneers. |
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O |
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Occasional |
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A small number of characteristics
that are arranged somewhat diversely within the panel face. |
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P |
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Paint
Grade Veneer |
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A lower grade panel, it has, however,
a smooth enough finish so none of the grain pattern or natural
characteristics of the wood show through when it is painted. |
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Particleboard |
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A panel product constructed from
wood particles. The wood particles are blended with resin
and wax and pressed into panels. It is firm and solid throughout
and makes a good core for hardwood plywood, and, depending
on the grade an excellent underlayment for wood veneers,
high pressure laminate and other overlay materials. |
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Particles |
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The aggregate component of a particleboard
manufactured by mechanical means form wood including all
small subdivisions of wood such as flakes, shavings, slivers,
and wafers. Particle size may be measured by screen mesh
that permits passage of particles and another screen upon
which they are retained, or by measured dimensions as for
flakes. |
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PBU
- Particleboard Underlayment |
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A particleboard product manufactured
for interior use as the smooth surface layer under finish
floor coverings in double layer floor construction. |
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Plain-Sliced
(Flat-Cut) |
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Veneer sliced parallel to the pith
of the log and approximately tangent to the growth rings
to achieve flat-cut veneer. Plain sliced veneer can be cut
using either a horizontal or vertical slicing machine or
by the half-round method using a rotary lathe. |
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Q |
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Quarter
Slicing |
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Quartered log sliced at right angles
to the growth rings. |
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R |
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Ray
Flake |
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See Flake. |
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Repairs |
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A patch, shim or filler material
inserted and/or glued into veneer or a panel to achieve
a sound surface. |
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Resin
Spots |
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Hard pieces of dark or black foreign
material in the face layer that are composed of glue and
wood dust. |
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Ribbon
Stripe |
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In some woods, principally mahogany,
wide, unbroken stripes can be secured. It is produced by
cutting on the quarter a log that shows growth rings. |
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Rift
Cut |
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Veneer cut from a log sliced at
right angles to the growth rings. |
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S |
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SL1E |
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Nomenclature used to describe a
board with one edge that has been cut straight to facilitate
further processing. |
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S2S |
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Shorthand for "Smooth 2 Sides."
Used to describe material, usually a board, that has been
planed smooth on both sides. |
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S1S |
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Shorthand for "Smooth 1 Side."
Used to describe material, usually a board, that has been
planed smooth on only one side. The other side is left rough. |
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Sand
Through |
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A condition where the face layer
has been sanded off exposing the core. These areas will
appear to be darker and larger particles will be exposed. |
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Sapwood |
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The light colored, living portion
of a tree located between the heartwood and the bark. |
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Select
Veneer |
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Composed entirely of heartwood or
sapwood and matched for both grain pattern and color. |
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Shop
Grade |
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A down graded product due to visual
defects (as in Mill Run), which can also have damaged corners,
edges, face or back defects such as missing veneer or sanding
dips. The panel must be 75% to 90% usable depending on the
nature of the manufacturing. |
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Slip
Matched |
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Veneer components are laid side
by side to form a whole sheet with a repetitive grain appearance. |
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Smooth,
Tight Cut |
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Veneer carefully cut to minimize
lathe checks. |
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Splits |
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Separations of wood fiber running
parallel to the grain. |
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Softwood |
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General term used to describe lumber
or veneer produced from needle and/or cone bearing trees. |
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Solid
Core |
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Plywood panels in which all inner
plys are grade J or better. Splits up to 3.2 mm or 1/8th
of an inch are permitted. |
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Species
(Trees) |
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An internationally established botanical
classification of trees. |
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Spliced
Veneers |
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Spliced veneers are composed of
several pieces of veneer varying in width that are glued
together to form a whole sheet. The way they are laid out
during composing determines the final look of the veneer. |
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Split |
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A lengthwise separation of the wood
in a board or veneer due to the tearing of wood fiber parallel
to the grain. |
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Stain |
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In hardwoods, the word "stain"
is used to describe the iniitial evidences of decay. |
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Superply |
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See Composite Core. |
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T |
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Tight
Side |
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In knife-cut veneer, that side of
the sheet that was farthest from the knife as the sheet
was being cut containing no cutting checks (lathe checks). |
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U |
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Unbalanced
Construction |
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Warping caused when the individual
layers or components of a panel do not respond equally to
changes in moisture or humidity. |
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Uniform
Veneer |
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Composed entirely of heartwood and
sapwood but matched for color only. |
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V |
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Veneer |
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A thin sheet of wood, rotary cut,
sliced or sawed from a log, bolt or flitch and used as interior
ply or decorative face. |
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W |
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Wane |
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The presence of bark, or the lack
of wood from any cause on the edge or corner of a piece
of lumber. |
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Warp |
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When a board bends, twists or turns
from a straight line due to unbalanced construction, excessive
moisture pick up, wetting or other unfavorable exposure. |
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Whole
Piece Veneers |
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Unspliced continuous pieces of veneer
that have been peeled from a log using the rotary process. |
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